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Definition: a parameter for quantifying the Kerr nonlinearity of a medium
When light with high intensity propagates through a medium, this causes nonlinear effects. The simplest of these is the Kerr effect, which can be described as a change (usually an increase) in the refractive index in proportion to the optical intensity I
with the nonlinear refractive index n2. The units of that quantity are m2/W (or cm2/W) in the SI system, but in older literature one finds n2 values in esu units. For the conversion of such units, the equation
can be used, where n is the refractive index.
In addition to the Kerr effect (a purely electronic nonlinearity), electrostriction can significantly contribute to the value of the nonlinear index [4, 5]. Here, the electric field of light causes density variations (acoustic waves) which themselves influence the refractive index via the photoelastic effect. That mechanism, however, involves a significant time delay and is thus relevant only for relatively slow power modulations, but not for ultrashort pulses. In optical fibers, the contribution of electrostriction to the Kerr effect at low (megahertz) frequencies is typically of the order of 10–20%, but can strongly depend on the material.
For transparent crystals and glasses, n2 is typically of the order of 10−16 cm2/W – 10−14 cm2/W. Silica, as used e.g. in silica fibers, has a relatively low nonlinear index of 2.7 × 10−16 cm2/W, whereas some chalcogenide glasses exhibit several hundred times higher values. Semiconductor materials also have very high nonlinear index values. It has been shown that the nonlinear index scales in proportion to the inverse fourth power of the bandgap energy, but also depends on the proximity of the test wavelength to the bandgap [2]. The nonlinearity can also be negative (self-defocusing nonlinearity), particularly for photon energies above ∼ 70% of the bandgap energy.
Materials with a high nonlinear index often have a small bandgap energy, and therefore also often exhibit strong two-photon absorption (TPA). For some applications such as channel conversion in telecom systems, this is detrimental, and a figure of merit such as n2 / β (where β is the TPA coefficient) can be used to compare different materials.
The measurement of the nonlinear index of bulk samples is often done with the z-scan technique, which is based on self-focusing via the Kerr lens.
The nonlinearity of optical fibers can be quantified by measuring spectral broadening resulting from self-phase modulation. Note, however, that the polarization state may be scrambled in a non-polarization-maintaining fiber, and this can affect the result. Also, the result is a kind of average over the material properties of the fiber core and the cladding.
Bibliography
| [1] | M. Sheik-Bahae et al., “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, 760 (1990) |
| [2] | M. Sheik-Bahae et al., “Dispersion and band-gap scaling of the electronic Kerr effect in solids associated with two-photon absorption”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1), 96 (1990) |
| [3] | K. S. Kim et al., “Measurement of the nonlinear index of silica-core and dispersion-shifted fibers”, Opt. Lett. 19 (4), 257 (1994) |
| [4] | E. L. Buckland and R. W. Boyd, “Electrostrictive contribution to the intensity-dependent refractive index of optical fibers”, Opt. Lett. 21 (15), 1117 (1996) |
| [5] | E. L. Buckland and R. W. Boyd, “Measurement of the frequency response of the electrostrictive nonlinearity in optical fibers”, Opt. Lett. 22 (10), 676 (1997) |
| [6] | I. P. Nikolakakos et al., “Broadband characterization of the nonlinear optical properties of common reference materials”, IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10 (5), 1164 (2004) |
| [7] | A. Major et al., “Dispersion of the nonlinear refractive index in sapphire”, Opt. Lett. 29 (6), 602 (2004) |
See also: Kerr effect, self-phase modulation, Kerr lens, refractive index, B integral, nonlinearities, z-scan measurements
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