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Raman Amplifiers

Definition: optical amplifiers based on Raman gain

German: Raman-Verstärker

Categories: fiber optics and waveguides, nonlinear optics, optical amplifiers, lightwave communications

Cite the article using its DOI: https://doi.org/10.61835/zq5

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A Raman amplifier is an optical amplifier based on Raman gain, which results from the effect of stimulated Raman scattering in some Raman gain medium. That medium is often an optical fiber (possibly a highly nonlinear fiber), although it can also be a bulk crystal, a waveguide in a photonic integrated circuit, or a cell with a gas or liquid medium. An input signal can be amplified while co- or counterpropagating with a pump beam, the wavelength of which is typically a few tens of nanometers shorter. For silica fibers, maximum gain is obtained for a frequency offset of ≈ 10–15 THz between pump and signal, depending on the composition of the fiber core.

Typical Features of Raman Amplifiers

For application in telecom systems, fiber Raman amplifiers compete with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Compared with those, their typical features are:

Raman amplifiers can be operated in very different wavelength regions, provided that a suitable pump source is available.
The gain spectrum can be tailored by using different pump wavelengths simultaneously. For example, very broadband amplification – a gain bandwidth e.g. well beyond that of an EDFA – would be feasible with a proper combination of pump sources.
A Raman amplifier requires a high pump power (order of 1 W, possibly raising laser safety issues) and high pump brightness; it can also provide high signal output powers. Pump sources may be multiple laser diodes (at different wavelengths) or fiber lasers.
A much greater length of fiber is required – normally several kilometers. However, instead of making a lumped Raman amplifier, the transmission fiber in a telecom system may be used, so that no additional fiber is required.
Raman fiber amplifiers can have a lower noise figure. On the other hand, they more directly couple pump noise to the signal than laser amplifiers do.
They also have a fast reaction to changes of the pump power, particularly for co-propagating pump, and very different saturation characteristics.
If the pump wavelength is polarized, the Raman gain is polarization-dependent. This effect is often unwanted, but can be suppressed e.g. by using two polarization-coupled pump diodes or a pump depolarizer.

A telecom Raman amplifier is pumped with continuous-wave light from a diode laser. Efficient amplification of ultrashort pulses is also possible using copropagating pump pulses. However, the phenomenon of group velocity mismatch then severely limits the useful interaction length, particularly for pulse durations below 1 ps.

Fibers used for Raman amplifiers are not doped with rare earth ions. In principle, any ordinary single-mode fiber could be used, and in practice the transmission fibers themselves are often suitable (→ distributed amplifiers). However, there are special fibers with increased Raman gain, resulting from certain dopants (e.g. germania) for enhanced Raman cross-sections, or simply from a small effective mode area. Such highly nonlinear fibers are used for lumped Raman amplifiers, where a shorter piece of fiber is dedicated to amplification only. Also, there are phosphorous-doped fibers, for example, offering a much increased Raman shift (in terms of optical frequency), or alternatively a gain peak with very low Raman shift.

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Bibliography

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[8]	M. N. Islam, “Raman amplifiers for telecommunications”, J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8 (3), 548 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016358
[9]	O. Boyraz and B. Jalali, “Demonstration of 11 dB fiber-to-fiber gain in a silicon Raman amplifier”, IEICE Elect. Expr. 1, 429 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.1.429
[10]	B. Jalali et al., “Raman-based silicon photonics”, J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12 (3), 412 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2006.872708
[11]	Y. Feng et al., “Multiwatts narrow linewidth fiber Raman amplifiers”, Opt. Express 16 (15), 10927 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.010927
[12]	J. Ji et al., “Analysis of the conversion to the first Stokes in cladding-pumped fiber Raman amplifiers”, IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15 (1), 129 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2008.2010229
[13]	A. K. Sridharan et al., “Brightness enhancement in a high-peak-power cladding-pumped Raman fiber amplifier”, Opt. Lett. 34 (14), 2234 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.002234
[14]	L. Dong, “Transverse mode instability in Raman fiber amplifiers”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 59 (3), 6800108 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2023.3253183
[15]	G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 4th edn., Academic Press, New York (2007)
[16]	ITU standard G.665 (01/05), “Generic characteristics of Raman amplifiers and Raman amplified subsystems”, International Telecommunication Union (2005)

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