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Definition: lasers emitting red light
This article deals with lasers emitting in the red spectral region, i.e. with a wavelength roughly around 625–700 nm. The following types of red lasers are the most common:
- Red laser diodes, based on, e.g., GaInP or AlGaInP quantum wells, are available with different output power levels, ranging from a few milliwatts (single emitters, VCSELs) to the order of 100 W from diode bars. Typical wavelengths are 635, 650 and 670 nm. The shorter wavelengths have significantly better visibility for the human eye, but are more difficult to generate efficiently. Red laser diodes are often used for laser pointers.
- Various gas lasers can emit red light. In particular, helium–neon lasers are suitable for smaller powers at 632.8 nm, whereas krypton lasers can generate high powers at 647.1 nm.
- Lasers based on praseodymium-doped (and sometimes ytterbium-codoped) ZBLAN fibers can emit around 635 nm. Hundreds of milliwatts of output power and very high beam quality are achievable. It is also possible to realize upconversion lasing.
- Red bulk lasers can be based on, e.g., laser crystals of ruby (chromium-doped sapphire, Cr3+:Al2O3), and also on Pr3+:YLF and Pr3+:LiLuF4 [8]. Titanium–sapphire lasers emit mostly in the infrared region, but can be tuned down to roughly 650 nm.
- There are various types of frequency-doubled lasers, where the actual laser emits in the 1.2–1.3-μm spectral region and a frequency doubler converts this radiation into red light. For example, 660-nm light can be generated with frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers, 656.5 nm with Nd:YLF, or 671 nm with Nd:YVO4 or Nd:GdVO4. Output powers of multiple watts can be obtained with high beam quality.
- Some red laser sources are based on other nonlinear frequency conversion devices, involving e.g. sum frequency generation or parametric oscillation. For example, an OPO with intracavity sum frequency generation can generate red light [3].
- There are optically pumped semiconductor lasers (VECSELs) which can either directly emit red light [5], or generate red light via intracavity second-harmonic generation [7].
Light from lasers operating at somewhat longer wavelengths, such as 750 or even 800 nm, can still be perceived as red light, if it is sufficiently intense. (There is no sharp boundary between the visible and the infrared spectral regions.) It can, however, be hazardous to view such light, because such intensity levels required for good visibility can damage the retina.
Red lasers are applied e.g. as laser pointers, for optical data recording or retrieval (e.g. on DVDs), for laser projection displays, for interferometers, for pumping of certain solid-state lasers (e.g. Cr:LiSAF or Cr:LiCAF), and in medical therapies (e.g. photodynamic therapy).
Bibliography
| [1] | H. B. Seereze and C. M. Harding, “100 W 671 nm visible laser diode array”, Electron. Lett. 28 (23), 2115 (1992) |
| [2] | B. Lu et al., “400 mW continuous-wave diffraction limited flared unstable resonator laser diode at 635 nm”, Electron. Lett. 33, 1633 (1997) |
| [3] | W. R. Bosenberg et al., “2.5-W, continuous-wave, 629-nm solid-state laser source”, Opt. Lett. 23 (3), 207 (1998) |
| [4] | Sun et al., “Generation of 11.5 W coherent red-light by intra-cavity frequency-doubling of a side-pumped Nd:YAG laser in a 4-cm LBO”, Opt. Commun. 241, 167 (2004) |
| [5] | J. E. Hastie et al., “High power CW red VECSEL with linearly polarized TEM00 output”, Opt. Express 13 (1), 77 (2004) |
| [6] | C. Du et al., “6-W diode-end-pumped Nd:GdVO4/LBO quasi-continuous-wave red laser at 671 nm”, Opt. Express 13 (6), 2013 (2005) |
| [7] | A. Härkönen et al., “High power frequency doubled GaInNAs semiconductor disk laser emitting at 615 nm”, Opt. Express 15 (6), 3224 (2007) |
| [8] | A. Richter et al., “Power scaling of semiconductor laser pumped praseodymium-lasers”, Opt. Express 15 (8), 5172 (2007) |
| [9] | P. Adamiec et al., “Tapered lasers emitting at 650 nm with 1 W output power with nearly diffraction-limited beam quality”, Opt. Lett. 34 (16), 2456 (2009) |
See also: lasers, helium–neon lasers, laser diodes, frequency doubling, blue lasers, green lasers, yellow and orange lasers, laser pointers
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