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Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology

X-ray Lasers

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Definition: lasers emitting in the X-ray spectral region

An X-ray laser is a laser device which emits in the spectral region of X-rays, i.e., with wavelengths of only a few nanometers. In this extreme spectral region, traditional laser gain media can not be used. There are different technical approaches:

As it is difficult to construct a low-loss laser resonator for such short wavelengths, X-ray lasers are in most cases (particularly for shorter wavelengths) built without a resonator and actually operate as ASE sources (superluminescent sources). This, however, decreases the spatial and temporal coherence. Much higher spatial and temporal coherence as well as an increased output power can be achieved with injection seeding, if a suitable narrow-band seed source is available.

Lasers can also be used in other ways for generating X-rays, in particular with high harmonic generation, which is a kind of nonlinear frequency conversion. The optical power achievable in such high harmonics is fairly low, but it is possible to amplify certain harmonics in a plasma [8, 13].

Bibliography

[1]M. A. Duguay and P. M. Rentzepis, “Some approaches to vacuum UV and X-ray lasers”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 (12), 350 (1967)
[2]G. C. Baldwin et al., “Approaches to the development of gamma-ray lasers”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 687 (1981)
[3]M. H. Key, “Laboratory production of X-ray lasers”, Nature 316, 314 (1985)
[4]D. L. Matthews et al., “Demonstration of a soft X-ray amplifier”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 (2), 110 (1985)
[5]S. Suckewer et al., “Amplification of stimulated soft-X-ray emission in a confined plasma column”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (17), 1753 (1985)
[6]B. J. MacGowan et al., “Demonstration of X-ray amplifiers near the carbon K edge”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (4), 420 (1990)
[7]H. C. Kapteyn, “Photoionization-pumped x-ray lasers using ultrashort-pulse excitation”, Appl. Opt. 31 (24), 4931 (1992)
[8]T. Ditmire, “Amplification of xuv harmonic radiation in a gallium amplifier”, Phys. Rev. A 51 (6), R4337 (1995)
[9]J. Dunn et al., “Demonstration of X-ray amplification in transient gain nickel-like palladium scheme”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (13), 2825 (1998)
[10]J. J. Rocca, “Table-top soft x-ray lasers”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 3799 (1999)
[11]J. Nilsen, “Reminiscing about the early years of the X-ray laser”, Quantum Electron. 33, 1-2 (2003)
[12]W. Ackermann et al., “Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window”, Nat. Photonics 1, 336 (2007)
[13]Y. Wang et al., “Phase-coherent, injection-seeded, table-top soft-X-ray lasers at 18.9 nm and 13.9 nm”, Nat. Photonics 2, 94 (2008)
[14]F. J. Furch et al., “Demonstration of an all-diode-pumped soft x-ray laser”, Opt. Lett. 34 (21), 3352 (2009)
[15]D. Alessi et al., “Gain-saturated 10.9 nm tabletop laser operating at 1 Hz repetition rate”, Opt. Lett. 35 (3), 414 (2010)
[16]B. McNeil, “First light from hard X-ray laser”, Nature Photon. 3, 375 (2009); see also: press release from SLAC

See also: high harmonic generation, free electron lasers, superluminescent sources

Category: lasers


cover of print encyclopedia

Since October 2008, the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology is also available in the form of a two-volume book. Maybe you would enjoy reading it also in that form! The print version has a carefully designed layout and can be considered a must-have for any institute library, laser research group, or laser company.

You may order the print version via Wiley-VCH.

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