B Integral

Definition: a measure of the nonlinear phase shift of light, e.g. in an amplifier

German: B-Integral

Cite the article using its DOI: https://doi.org/10.61835/0qm

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The <$B$> integral is frequently used in the context of ultrafast amplifiers, e.g. for optical components such as the Pockels cell of a regenerative amplifier. It is defined as

$$B = \frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }\int {{n_2}\;I(z)\;{\rm{d}}z} $$

where <$I(z)$> is the optical intensity along the beam axis (assumed to be highest intensity in the transverse direction, e.g. for a Gaussian beam), <$z$> the position in beam direction, and <$n_2$> the nonlinear index quantifying the Kerr nonlinearity. As <$n_2 I$> is the nonlinear change in the refractive index, one easily recognizes the <$B$> integral to be the total on-axis nonlinear phase shift accumulated in a passage through the device.

The <$B$> integral can also be calculated for optical pulses, in that case usually using their peak power. This is appropriate in many cases, but there are also cases where e.g. the temporal profile of a light pulse changes a lot during propagation. This is often the case, for example, for higher-order solitons or in supercontinuum generation. The concept of the <$B$> integral then becomes questionable.

From the <$B$> integral, one can estimate the strength of effects related to the Kerr nonlinearity – in particular, nonlinear self-focusing (see below) and nonlinear spectral broadening of ultrashort pulses.

Importance for Self-focusing

For high optical intensities, as often occur when ultrashort pulses are amplified e.g. in a regenerative amplifier, the <$B$> integral can become larger than 1. For values above ≈ 3–5, there is a risk that self-focusing may occur: the nonlinear lensing (focusing) effect can become so strong that the beam collapses to a very small radius, so that the optical intensities are strongly further increased and easily exceed the damage threshold. A single pulse in this regime may be sufficient for destroying the amplifier gain medium or some other component. Other possible effects in this regime are strong spectral broadening and even the breakup of the amplified pulse, a reduction in the achievable gain, and a severely reduced beam quality.

The threshold for self-focusing in terms of the <$B$> integral actually depends on the conditions. The approximate value given above is based on the assumption that this value is acquired in a length below the Rayleigh length, so that diffraction effects will not be strong enough to stabilize the beam radius. In a regenerative amplifier, the total <$B$> integral for multiple passes through the gain medium may sometimes be well above 5 without causing self-focusing. Similarly, it does not matter that the accumulated <$B$> integral for an ultrashort pulse circulating in a mode-locked laser easily becomes greater than 10 within a single microsecond.

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