absorption spectroscopy astrophotonics avalanche photodiodes autocollimators autocorrelators balanced photodetectors laser beam characterization beam profilers beam quality bit error rate testers calibration light sources optical energy meters cameras carrier–envelope offset measurement and stabilization cameras characterization of optics → optics characterization chromatic dispersion measurement cameras coherence measurement colorimeters chromatic dispersion measurement distance measurements with lasers fiber-optic sensors position-sensitive detectors electro-optic sampling electronics for photodetection ellipsometers Fabry–Pérot interferometers fiber analysis fiber-optic gyroscopes fiber-optic loss testers → optical loss testers fiber-optic sensors Fizeau interferometers fluorescence microscopes fluorescence spectroscopy force sensors → optical force and pressure sensors frequency comb sources frequency metrology phase noise measurement frequency-resolved optical gating frequency-resolved optical gating laser beam characterization goniometers hyperspectral imaging image intensifiers and image converters image intensifiers and image converters imaging spectrometers laser viewing cards image sensors infrared cameras infrared detectors infrared viewers infrared-to-visible converters intensity noise measurement interferometers intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy beam profilers laser beam characterization beam profilers laser diode testing laser rangefinders optical energy meters laser-based gas detectors laser noise measurement optical power meters laser trackers laser viewing cards laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy laser-induced damage threshold measurement LED testing line scan cameras linewidth measurement photometers M 2 factor → laser beam characterization interferometers machine vision measurement and calibration services metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors Michelson interferometers mid-infrared spectrometers microchannel plate detectors microscope cameras fluorescence microscopes optical alignment optical inspection optical clocks laser-induced damage threshold measurement optical displacement sensors optical energy meters optical force and pressure sensors optical humidity sensors optical loss testers optical magnetometers optical metrology optical power monitors optical power meters optical pressure sensors → optical force and pressure sensors optical profilometers optical sampling optical sensing instruments optical sensors optical spectrum analyzers optical strain sensors optical surface characterization optical profilometers optical temperature sensors optical thickness sensors optical tilt sensors optical time-domain reflectometers optical vibration sensors optics characterization phase noise measurement photoacoustic gas sensing photoconductive detectors photodetectors photodiode arrays photodiode amplifiers photodiode arrays photodiodes photometers photomultipliers photon counting photon Doppler velocimetry phototransistors phototubes polarimeters polarization mode dispersion measurement and compensation position-sensitive detectors optical power monitors optical power meters pressure sensors → optical force and pressure sensors optical profilometers pulse characterization pulse duration measurement pump–probe measurements optical energy meters p–i–n photodiodes pyroelectric detectors position-sensitive detectors radiometers Raman spectroscopy laser rangefinders reference cavities reflectometers refractive index profilers refractometers beam profilers scintillation detectors Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors photodiodes silicon photomultipliers single-photon avalanche diodes single-photon detectors solar-blind photodetectors spectral phase interferometry spectrographs spectrometers spectrophotometers spectroradiometers spectroscopy streak cameras optical profilometers terahertz cameras terahertz detectors terahertz reflectometers terahertz spectrometers thermal imaging cameras optical power meters thermal imaging cameras thin-film characterization timing jitter measurement time-of-flight measurement time-resolved spectroscopy velocity-matched photodetectors fluorescence microscopes Twyman–Green interferometers ultraviolet sensors velocity-matched photodetectors wafer testing equipment and services wavefront analyzers wavemeters white-light interferometers X-ray detectors 
