The RP Photonics Encyclopedia
is a comprehensive, scientifically robust open access reference source in the fields of optics and photonics, authored entirely by the expert Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta at RP Photonics and supported by various sponsors. The Encyclopedia project is strongly connected with the RP Photonics Buyer's Guide, the leading directory of photonics products and suppliers.
| Topical Categories | Articles A–Z | Tutorials |
| Case Studies | Photonics Spotlight | Latest Articles |
 Fiber Optics and Waveguides |  Fluctuations and Noise |  General Optics |  Laser Devices and Laser Physics |
 Laser Material Processing |  Light Detection & Characterization |  Light Pulses |  Lightwave Communications |
 Methods |  Non-laser Light Sources |  Nonlinear Optics |  Optical Amplifiers |
 Optical Materials |  Optical Metrology |  Optical Resonators |  Optoelectronics |
 Photonic Devices |  Physical Foundations |  Quantum Optics |  Vision, Displays and Imaging |
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| N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Passive Fiber Optics
This is a comprehensive introduction to fiber optics, focusing on passive (non-amplifying) fibers. It explains basic principles as well as practical aspects.
#fibers#pulses
Fiber Amplifiers
You can learn about rare earth ions, how to calculate optical powers and ionic excitations in amplifiers, and on many other topics: ASE, forward vs. backward pumping, double-clad fibers, amplification of light pulses, amplifier noise, and multi-stage amplifiers.
#fibers#amplifiers#pulses
Modeling and Simulation of Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers
This is an physics-based introduction into the modeling of fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers, as required for efficient research and development. Many aspects of amplifier and laser operation can be simulated, leading to a solid quantitative understanding.
#fibers#amplifiers#pulses
Modeling of Pulse Amplification
This tutorial explains the amplification of light pulses, with particular focus on fiber amplifiers, but also some content on bulk laser amplifiers.
#fibers#amplifiers#pulses
Mode Structure of a Multimode Fiber
We explore various properties of guided modes of multimode fibers. We also test how the mode structure of such a fiber reacts to certain changes inthe index profile, e.g. to smoothening of the index step.
#modes
Number of Modes of a Highly Multimode Fiber
We seek a simple equation for estimating for the number of modes of a highly multimode fiber, which can be applied to fiber designs with arbitrary shapes of the refractive index profile. Instead of applying complicated mathematics, we build a hypothesis and subject that to multiple numerical tests.
#modes
The Numerical Aperture of a Fiber: a Strict Limit for the Acceptance Angle?
The requirement of total internal reflection would seem to set a strict limit for the angular distributions of fiber modes. However, some modes are found to exceed that limit significantly. We investigate that in detail for single-mode, few-mode and multimode fibers.
#modes#video
Dispersion Engineering for Telecom Fibers
We explore different ways of optimizing refractive index profile for specific chromatic dispersion properties of telecom fibers, resulting in dispersion-shifted or dispersion-flattened fibers. This also involves automatic optimizations.
#modes#dispersion#telecom#video
Telecom Fiber With Parabolic Index Profile
We investigate how intermodal dispersion of a multimode fiber can be minimized with a parabolic doping profile.
#modes#telecom
Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier for a Long-wavelength Signal
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) turns out to be a limiting factor, requiring a dual-stage amplifier design.
#amplifiers#ASE#telecom#video
Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier for Rectangular Nanosecond Pulses
We deal with deformations of the pulse shape due to gain saturation. These can be minimized by pre-distorting the input pulses.
#amplifiers#pulses#video
Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier for Multiple Signals
We optimize an amplifier for equal output powers of signals spanning a substantial wavelength range. There is a trade-off between power efficiency and noise performance.
#amplifiers#telecom
ASE in Ytterbium-doped Fibers
We study various aspects of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in ytterbium-doped fibers – for example, why it is different in forward and backward direction, how the fiber length can have a crucial impact, and how the fiber core diameter matters.
#amplifiers#ASE
Designing a Double-clad Fiber Amplifier
We develop a double-clad fiber amplifier with high gain, where we have to care about limiting losses by ASE.
#amplifiers#ASE
Ytterbium-doped 975-nm Fiber Lasers
We explore how to realize Yb-doped fiber lasers emitting at the tricky wavelength of 975 nm. This turns out to be challenging for devices with double-clad fibers due to ASE at longer wavelengths.
#lasers#ASE#video
Nonlinear Pulse Compression in a Fiber
We explore how we can spectrally broaden light pulses by self-phase modulation in a fiber and subsequently compress the pulses using a dispersive element. A substantial reduction in pulse duration by more than an order of magnitude is easily achieved, while the pulse quality is often not ideal.
#pulses#nonlinearities
Parabolic Pulses in a Fiber Amplifier
We explore the regime of parabolic pulse amplification in an Yb-doped single-mode fiber. We find suitable system parameters and investigate limiting effects.
#amplifiers#pulses#nonlinearities
Numerical Experiments With Soliton Pulses in Fibers
We investigate various details of soliton pulse propagation in passive fibers, using numerical simulations.
#pulses#nonlinearities
Collision of Soliton Pulses in a Fiber
We let two soliton pulses collide in a fiber. Surprisingly, they survive such collisions, even if we involve solitons of higher order.
#pulses#nonlinearities
Soliton Self-frequency Shift in Glass Fibers
We numerically simulate the soliton self-frequency shift, which is caused by stimulated Raman scattering. Influences like higher-order dispersion are found to be quite relevant.
#pulses#nonlinearities
Soliton Pulses in a Fiber Amplifier
We investigate to which extent soliton pulses could be amplified in a fiber amplifier, preserving the soliton shape and compressing the pulses temporally.
#amplifiers#pulses#nonlinearities
Raman Scattering in a Fiber Amplifier
We investigate the effects of stimulated Raman scattering in an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier for ultrashort pulses, considering three very different input pulse duration regimes. Surprisingly, the effect of Raman scattering always gets substantial only on the last meter, although the input peak powers vary by two orders of magnitude.
#amplifiers#pulses#nonlinearities
Chirped-pulse Ytterbium-doped Fiber Amplifier System
We design an ytterbium-doped chirped-pulse fiber amplifier system. We investigate how the remaining nonlinear effects limit the possible performance parameters.
#amplifiers#pulses#video
Supercontinuum Generation in a Germanosilicate Single-mode Telecom Fiber
We explore supercontinuum generation in telecom fibers. This works well for wavelengths beyond the zero dispersion wavelength. For operation with shorter-wavelength pulses, other fibers are required.
#pulses#video
The Photonics Spotlight
The Photonics Spotlight is a “blog” which highlights interesting news and useful information in the area of photonics, particularly laser technology and applications.
2025-04-01: Have AI bots like Chat-GPT Got Better on Photonics Questions?
2025-02-27: Tools from RP Photonics for Responsible Purchasing
2025-02-07: New AI-based Features on the RP Photonics Website
2024-04-23: How Responsible Purchase Decisions for Expensive Goods Like Lasers Are Done
2024-04-08: New Case Studies Complement the RP Photonics Encyclopedia
2023-11-20: Using the Cited By Feature of Crossref
2023-11-16: Citing Encyclopedia Articles
2023-09-06: Can AI bots like ChatGPT and Bard Answer Photonics Questions?
2023-05-25: The RP Photonics Website Got a New Technical Basis
2023-01-24: Launching Light into Step-Index Multimode Fibers
2022-08-04: Encyclopedia Articles on Laser Material Processing
2021-06-29: 1000 Articles in the RP Photonics Encyclopedia
2021-04-30: Wavelength or Optical Frequency, What Is the Better Specification?
2021-03-08: Luminance – a Term which is Worth Some Thoughts
2021-01-06: Improvements of the RP Photonics Website
2020-09-30: Beam Radius and Beam Quality of Laser Pulses
2020-09-18: New Information Channel of RP Photonics: the RP Photonics Marketing News
2020-07-08: Time to Start Digital Marketing with RP Photonics – with a Discount
2020-05-11: Digital and Interactive Methods of Supporting the Photonics Industry
2020-04-01: Photonics Marketing in Times of the Coronavirus Crisis
2020-03-16: Laser Physics Helps to Understand the Corona Virus Crisis
2020-01-20: News on the RP Photonics Website
2019-11-19: Why Are Large Mode Areas Problematic?
2019-08-26: Can Monochromatic Light be Unpolarized?
2019-03-01: New Articles in the RP Photonics Encyclopedia
2018-09-28: Resonator Modes in Microchip Lasers
2018-08-22: What is Different for Quasi-Three-Level Lasers?
2018-07-16: Thoughts on Thermal Lensing
2018-06-08: Understanding Intensity Noise
2018-05-11: Gain Saturation in Solid-state Lasers
2018-04-06: Laser Physics: the Essential Roles of Phonons in Solid-state Lasers
2018-03-05: Dependence on Raman Conversion on the Optical Bandwidth
2018-01-08: Self-starting of Passively Mode-locked Lasers
2017-12-04: Energy Levels of Solid-state Gain Media
2017-11-02: Gaussian Apertures in Resonator Models: Not Only for Exotic Lasers, But Also for Gain Guiding
2017-10-03: Importance of Spectral Wings on the Pulse Duration
2017-08-31: Passive Mode Locking with Slow Saturable Absorbers: Surprisingly Stable!
2017-08-01: Fiber Amplifiers: Modeling of Ultrashort Pulse Amplification with Saturation of Wavelength-dependent Gain
2017-04-12: Does a Saturable Absorber in a Laser Lead to Passive Q switching or Mode Locking?
2017-03-15: Interesting Features of Over-long Fiber Lasers
2017-02-17: Photonics in Times of Trouble for International Trade
2017-01-27: Second Opinion: a Useful Tool, also in Laser Technology!
2016-12-13: Nonlinear Input–Output Curves for Lasers
2016-10-27: Challenges for Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in Extreme Wavelength Regions
2016-09-12: An Apparent Paradox Concerning Light Beams in Fibers
2016-08-11: Mode Coupling in Optical Fibers: Selective Excitation of a Higher-order Mode with a Fiber Bragg Grating
2016-07-05: The Round-trip Phase Shift in an Optical Resonator
2016-06-08: Citations in the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2016-05-12: Measurement of Absorption Spectra of Active Fibers: Not as Easy as One Might Think!
2016-04-04: Photographs, Drawings and Videos for the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2016-02-26: New Encyclopedia Articles
2016-01-27: Finding Suppliers for Photonics Products
2015-11-28: How to Store Light – and to Understand the Laser Principle
2015-10-17: The Linewidth of Single-frequency Lasers
2015-09-24: Q-switched Lasers: Nd:YVO4 Better Suited than Nd:YAG for High Pulse Repetition Rates
2015-08-08: Gain Saturation with Pulses
2015-07-01: Self-phase Modulation Causes Spectral Broadening – Does it Really?
2015-05-14: Alignment Sensitivity of Laser Resonators – an Important Design Criterion
2015-04-10: The Enormous Popularity of the RP Photonics Website
2015-03-11: Strange Time Dependence of ASE from a Fiber Amplifier
2015-02-05: Attenuating Laser Beams – not That Easy
2015-01-09: New Tutorial: Modeling of Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers
2014-12-17: How Ph.D. Students Should Get Supported by Supervisors
2014-11-14: Correctly Designing Frequency Conversion Stages: Not Easy, but Worthwhile!
2014-10-03: Fiber Optics Tutorials
2014-07-28: How to Define the Mode Radius of a Fiber?
2014-06-27: Shortages of Rare Earth Materials – a Problem for Photonics?
2014-05-16: 10-Year Anniversary of RP Photonics
2014-04-02: Lower Emission Cross-section Leads to Higher Pulse Energy?!?
2014-01-17: Mediation in Disputes on Laser Technology
2013-12-13: Avoiding Trouble with Laser Specifications
2013-11-12: Beam Quality Limit for Multimode Fibers
2013-08-26: Frequency Doubling and the Reverse Process
2013-07-08: Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Fiber Amplifiers
2013-06-13: Two New Photonics Newsletters
2012-08-06: The New RP Photonics Buyer's Guide
2012-03-12: New Raman Lasers
2012-03-03: Conflicting Definitions of s and p Polarization
2012-02-03: Simulation Software: Use Commercial Products or Home-Made Software?
2011-12-23: Kerr-lens Mode-locked Thin-disk Laser
2011-06-10: Are Compact Resonators More Stable?
2011-05-28: Explanation for the Mode Instability in High-power Fiber Amplifiers with Few-mode Fibers
2011-03-13: What if Solid-State Laser Transitions Were Much Stronger?
2011-02-10: Fiber Lasers: More Difficult to Design than Bulk Lasers
2011-01-05: Femtosecond Fiber Amplifiers: Unlimited Peak Power?
2010-09-02: Why LEDs are Energy-efficient, and Why They Can Increase Energy Consumption
2010-07-27: Special SESAMs for Mode-locked High-power Lasers?
2010-07-12: Laser Development: Get an Expert Early on!
2010-06-09: Poor Man's Isolator
2010-05-14: Plagiarism, Exploiting the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2010-04-26: Resolution and Accuracy of Measurements
2010-04-16: Why Large Mode Area Waveguides Do Not Work for Laser Diodes
2010-04-08: Creating a Top-hat Laser Beam Focus
2010-03-22: All-in-one Concepts versus Modular Concepts
2010-03-15: Spatial Walk-off and Beam Quality in Nonlinear Frequency Conversion
2010-03-09: Nonlinearities in Fiber Amplifier Modeling
2010-03-03: Thresholds for Nonlinear Effects in Fiber Amplifiers
2010-02-26: New Scientific Paper: Timing Jitter and Phase Noise of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers
2010-02-06: Scientific Conferences and Publications: Emphasize Device Performance or Insight?
2010-01-29: Far From Maturity: The Photonics Industry
2010-01-22: Pumping Fiber Lasers with Fiber Lasers
2010-01-11: Beams of Laser Pointers: Visible in Air?
2009-12-31: Tilt Tuning of Etalons
2009-12-13: Johnson–Nyquist Noise in Photodiode Circuits
2009-12-08: Increased Output Power of a Laser with Forced Tuning
2009-11-22: The Beam Focus – Not Just a Demagnified Version of Your Beam
2009-11-18: Articles and a Quiz on Photonics Issues
2009-11-13: Photodetection: Optical and Electrical Powers
2009-11-03: Coherent Light from a Bulb?
2009-10-19: Risk Factors for Science Fraud and the Scientist's Responsibility
2009-10-12: Cold Light from the Hottest Bodies and from Cool Devices
2009-10-08: Nobel Prize for Charles K. Kao for Pioneering Work on Optical Fibers
2009-10-03: Peak Intensity of Gaussian Beam
2009-09-27: Lasers with Short Upper-state Lifetime
2009-09-19: Are Laser Resonators Power Scalable?
2009-09-07: Anniversary: 5 Years of the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2009-09-01: Fresnel Reflections from Double Interfaces
2009-08-22: Jitter and Phase Noise of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers
2009-08-14: Progress on Green Laser Diodes
2009-08-12: What is an Optical Transistor?
2009-07-29: No Beat Note for Orthogonal Modes
2009-07-23: Submit Photographs for the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2009-07-21: Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Measurement Bandwidth
2009-07-09: Gain-guiding Index-antiguiding Fibers
2009-06-29: Doing Things Properly: It's the Economy, Stupid!
2009-06-23: Coherence – a Black-or-White Issue?
2009-06-08: Prizes of the European Physical Society
2009-06-02: 5 Years of RP Photonics
2009-05-22: Interference Effects with Imbalanced Intensity Levels
2009-05-13: The Minimum Time–Bandwidth Product
2009-04-28: SPIE Field Guides
2009-04-19: Last Chance to Get the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology Cheaper
2009-04-17: Miniature Laser Projectors – The Next Big Laser Thing?
2009-04-06: Laser Pointers in Soccer Games: Not Necessarily Harmless
2009-04-05: Stability of Resonators – an Ambiguous Term
2009-03-19: Scientific Progress: not as Straight a Process as it Seems
2009-03-07: Complicated Pulse Shapes from Q-switched Fiber Lasers
2009-03-02: User Interfaces for Simulation Software
2009-02-13: Laser Beam Deflections: The Angle–Diameter Product
2009-01-12: Chaotic Lasing Generates Random Numbers
2009-01-05: Extremely Long Mode-locked Fiber Laser
2008-12-16: Why Fiber Amplifiers, not Fiber Lasers?
2008-11-25: The Gouy Phase Shift Speeds up Light
2008-11-08: Validating Numerical Simulation Software
2008-10-20: Rate Equations – An Example for Stiff Sets of Differential Equations
2008-10-03: Wavelength-Tunable Lasers: Does the Tuner Degrade the Power Efficiency?
2008-09-24: Decoupling Pulse Duration and Pulse Energy
2008-09-10: Unpolarized Single-Frequency Output
2008-08-28: Photographs for the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2008-08-15: Print Version of the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2008-07-26: Beat Signals with Zero Linewidth
2008-07-13: The Simplified History of the Michelson–Morley Experiment
2008-07-02: Stronger Focusing Avoids SESAM Damage
2008-06-20: All-in-One Ultrafast Laser Systems
2008-06-13: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and the Transform Limit
2008-06-06: Fiber Lasers Which Are No Fiber Lasers
2008-05-25: Einstein and the Laser
2008-05-13: Easier Self-Starting Passive Mode Locking for Short Lasers
2008-05-05: Length of a Photon
2008-04-28: Different Kinds of Polarization
2008-04-22: Abused Photonics Terms: Coherence
2008-04-15: Abused Photonics Terms: Modes
2008-04-02: Solitons: Lower Dispersion, Stronger Dispersive Effects!
2008-03-26: Mode-Locked Lasers: Lower Average Powers in Shorter Pulses
2008-03-17: Ultrafast Fiber Lasers: Re-Inventing Mode Locking
2008-03-10: Automatic Phase Matching
2008-03-04: What is a High Laser Beam Quality?
2008-02-22: Launching Light from a Bulb into a Single-Mode Fiber
2008-02-14: How Laser Development Can Go Wrong
2008-02-12: Factor 2 in the Equation for Cross-Phase Modulation
2008-02-03: Quantifying the Chirp of Ultrashort Pulses
2008-01-27: Beam Quality in Second-Harmonic Generation
2008-01-14: Frequency Doubling: Long Pulses Cause Trouble
2008-01-06: Saturation Intensity or Saturation Fluence of a Saturable Absorber or a Laser Gain Medium: What Matters?
2007-12-18: The Role of Laser Safety Goggles
2007-12-11: The Idler Wave – Essential for Parametric Amplification and Oscillation
2007-12-03: New Paper on Power Scaling of Lasers
2007-11-26: Solving Laser Problems Step by Step
2007-11-19: Walk-Off and Phase-Matching Bandwidth in Nonlinear Crystals
2007-11-10: Retirement of Prof. David C. Hanna
2007-11-02: Ultrafast Laser Kills Viruses
2007-10-31: Thermal Equilibrium in Laser Crystals
2007-10-25: The Gain Bandwidth of Laser Crystals and Glasses
2007-10-17: Why the Second-Harmonic Beam is Smaller
2007-10-11: Understanding Fourier Spectra
2007-10-07: Effective Refractive Index: Correcting a Common Belief
2007-09-27: Light Plus Light = Darkness: No Energy Problem, but Quantum Weirdness
2007-09-21: Optimum Crystal Length for Frequency Doubling
2007-09-13: Using Figures of the Encyclopedia in Your Publications, and Citing the Encyclopedia
2007-09-07: Power Scaling in Downward Direction
2007-09-01: Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: Lower Peak Power, Stronger Effect?
2007-08-27: Distant Healing of Lasers
2007-08-23: An OPO Without Resonator Mirrors
2007-08-22: Saturation of Pump Absorption - An Important Issue?
2007-08-15: Light = Electromagnetic Waves?
2007-08-06: Fiber Amplifiers: More ASE for Larger Core with Higher NA?
2007-07-30: Fiber Amplifiers: Stronger ASE in Backward Direction
2007-07-25: Higher Heat Generation Density, Stronger Thermal Effects?
2007-07-16: Mode Competition - Increased or Decreased by Spatial Hole Burning?
2007-07-11: What is a Beam Width, Beam Size, and a Beam Waist?
2007-07-06: Promoting Dangerous Practices in Laser Labs
2007-07-01: Nonsensical Regulations Undermine Laser Safety
2007-06-24: The Plague of a Narrow Emission Linewidth
2007-06-11: Beam Quality Measurements Can Easily Go Wrong
2007-06-01: Characterize Your Pump Beam!
2007-05-26: Optical Isotropy: Nonlinear Interactions are Different!
2007-05-19: Why Strong Birefringence in Fibers Helps
2007-05-10: Fundamental Limitation for sigma–tau Product, Gain Efficiency, and Laser Threshold
2007-04-28: Easier Launching into Fibers with Large Mode Area?
2007-04-16: Questions and Answers on Shot Noise
2007-04-01: The Ideal Pump Intensity Distribution in an End-Pumped Solid-State Laser
2007-03-23: Explaining the Nature of Photons to Lay Persons
2007-03-11: Divided-Pulse Amplification
2007-03-09: The Trouble with Crystal and Coating Damage
2007-03-05: More Efficient Frequency Doubling with Shorter Pulses?
2007-02-26: No Laser, no Result?
2007-02-22: Lossy Laser Cavities
2007-02-16: The Science of Biophotons
2007-02-09: Papers Reporting Yet Another Laser Crystal
2007-02-04: Continuing Struggle for Larger Fiber Mode Areas
2007-01-27: Noise Figure of Amplifiers
2007-01-21: Laser Operation Far Above Threshold
2007-01-15: Origins of Heating in Laser Crystals
2007-01-09: The Myth of Fiber-Optic Polar Bears
2007-01-05: Why the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology is Successful
2006-12-31: Peak Position of an Optical Spectrum
2006-12-16: Dangerous Green Laser Pointers
2006-12-09: The Laser Industry – High Tech or Low Tech?
2006-12-03: Diffraction in Optical Fibers
2006-11-28: The Role of Diffraction in Optical Resonators
2006-11-21: The Resonator Mystery
2006-11-16: Laser Models – not Always Useful
2006-11-04: Nd:YVO4 Laser with Polarization-Independent Pump Absorption
2006-11-02: Reflection Spectrum of Tilted Dielectric Mirror
2006-10-26: Residual Transmission Through Highly Reflecting Mirrors
2006-10-22: Lasers Attract Dust to Cavity Mirrors
2006-10-17: A Cute New Imaging Technique Named Compressive Imaging
2006-10-16: Using a Current Amplifier for Optical Power Measurements and Recording with a Photodiode
2006-10-15: Fivehundred Articles in the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
2006-10-09: Correct Specifications for Laser Noise – Valuable but Hard to Obtain
2006-10-04: Higher-Order Modes of Fibers: a Solution for Single-Mode Guidance with Large Mode Area?
2006-10-01: Stability Zones of Laser Resonators
2006-09-29: Frequency Dependence of the Conversion Efficiency for Frequency Doubling
2006-09-22: Coherence Length of Ultrashort Pulses
2006-09-21: Power Scaling Limits of Optical Parametric Amplifiers
2006-09-16: Q-switched Lasers: YAG versus Vanadate
2006-09-06: Quenching Degrades the Efficiency of Some Ytterbium-Doped Gain Media
2006-09-03: Resolution of Conundrum: Threshold Power for Parametric Nonlinear Interactions
2006-09-01: Test Yourself with the Photonics Quiz
2006-08-23: Lasers with Nonlinear Input–Output Characteristics
2006-08-20: Lower Noise from Longer Lasers
2006-08-18: Resolution of Conundrum: No Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Coil
2006-08-15: The Effect of a Double Pass in a Frequency Doubler
2006-08-12: Understanding Quasi-Three-Level Lasers
2006-08-10: Single-Mode Fibers with Large Mode Areas
2006-08-01: Lasers Disturbed by Vacuum?
2006-07-30: Threshold Power for Parametric Nonlinear Interactions
2006-07-24: Beam Distortions in Laser Cavities
2006-07-23: Single-Atom Lasers
2006-07-22: No Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Coil?
2006-07-21: Photonics and Laser Technology Blogs – Where Are They?
2006-07-16: Spontaneous Emission and Amplifier Noise
2006-07-14: Lasers Like it Cool
2006-07-10: Strength of Thermal Lensing Effects
2006-07-05: Laser Design: Side Product or the Basis of Laser Development?
2006-07-01: With Wavelength Combs to Picometer Resolution
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