Frequency Tripling

Frequency tripling is a process of nonlinear frequency conversion where the resulting optical frequency is three times that of the input laser beam. In principle, that can be achieved with a <$\chi^{(3)}$> nonlinearity for direct third-harmonic generation [12, 13, 14], but this is difficult due to the small <$\chi^{(3)}$> nonlinearity of optical media and also because of phase-matching constraints (except for tripling in gases). Therefore, frequency tripling is usually realized as a cascaded process, beginning with frequency doubling of the input beam and subsequent sum frequency generation of both waves, with both processes being based on nonlinear crystal materials with a <$\chi^{(2)}$> nonlinearity.

Applications

The main application of frequency tripling is the generation of ultraviolet light. Most common is the generation of 355-nm light by frequency tripling of a laser beam with 1064 nm, as obtained from a Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO₄ laser. A common approach is to use two LBO (lithium triborate) crystals, or an LBO and an BBO crystal, the first being phase-matched for second-harmonic generation and the second for sum frequency generation. It is easy to make this process efficient when using pulses from a Q-switched or mode-locked laser, but also possible in continuous-wave operation e.g. with intracavity frequency doubling and resonant sum frequency generation.

It is also possible to generate blue light by frequency tripling the output of a 1.3-μm neodymium laser.

Power Conversion Efficiency

Theoretically, the total power conversion efficiency of the frequency tripling process could be close to 100 % in a single pass through the crystals. For that, the frequency doubler should have a conversion efficiency of 2/3, so that the second-harmonic wave has twice the power of the remaining fundamental wave, and both have equal photon numbers. In practice, the efficiency of the frequency doubler is normally somewhat lower (often around 40 to 50 %), and in particular the sum frequency mixer is far from 100 % efficient. The latter problem can result from many effects, such as too low optical intensities, design limitations enforced by optical damage, effects of spatial walk-off, mismatch of pulse duration and/or temporal walk-off, etc. Tentatively, the conversion works best for high peak powers in not too short (e.g. picosecond) pulses, and when the beam quality is high and the optical bandwidth not too high. Overall conversion efficiencies from infrared to ultraviolet can then be of the order of 30 to 40%.

With numerical modeling, the whole frequency tripling process can be simulated with fairly high accuracy and reliability of the results.

Degradation of Nonlinear Crystals

For efficient single-pass third-harmonic generation, the nonlinear crystals need to be operated with fairly high optical intensities. For the sum-frequency mixer crystal, this is often a problem: the intense ultraviolet light can lead to gradual degradation of the crystal material and an anti-reflection coating on the exit surface, even for operation well below the threshold for instant laser-induced damage. Under such conditions, nonlinear crystals can become consumables, i.e., system parts with quite limited lifetime, which need to be replaced periodically. As normally only the volume of the beam is affected, one may often somewhat shift the crystal in order to use another region which has not yet been degraded. Such movements may also be done with some automatic crystal shifter; this method is sometimes called indexing of the crystal. Under good conditions, one may reach several hundred hours of operation on one spot of an LBO crystal and use dozens of spots for obtaining an overall lifetime of many thousand hours with a single crystal.

The achieved crystal lifetime can depend on various factors, including the crystal material type, the material quality, the peak and average intensity levels, details of anti-reflection coatings, other pulse parameters such as the pulse duration, and also contaminants in the ambient air. For example, hydrocarbons from some oils at mechanical parts may be chemically altered by the ultraviolet light and may lead to the deposition of absorbing material on the crystal and on other optics, e.g. a collimation lens.

Note that higher UV output powers do not necessarily decrease the crystal lifetime, if the mode areas in the crystal are increased in proportion to the power level. The operational intensities are then not higher than in lower-power devices. One may be tempted, however, to use higher powers for applying higher intensities with the goal of further increasing the power conversion efficiency. This can then reduce the crystal lifetime.

Substantial improvements in crystal lifetime for a given output power level are possible by using an enhancement cavity around the third-harmonic crystal, i.e., by doing resonant frequency conversion. This is because the single-pass conversion efficiency can then be lower, as the non-converted light is “recycled”. One may then work without an automatic crystal shifter. However, resonant enhancement is not always possible (e.g., for laser sources with insufficient coherence properties) and introduces additional complications.

More to Learn

Encyclopedia articles:

• frequency doubling
• frequency quadrupling
• nonlinear frequency conversion
• nonlinear crystal materials
• ultraviolet light