Giles Parameters
Definition: spectroscopic data concerning absorption and amplification in an active fiber
German: Giles-Parameter
Categories: fiber optics and waveguides, optical amplifiers, methods
Author: Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta
For modeling the performance of fiber amplifiers made from rare-earth-doped fibers, so-called Giles parameters are often used. These comprise two wavelength-dependent quantities: the absorption coefficient <$\alpha (\lambda )$> of the fiber with all laser-active ions in the ground state, and the gain coefficient <$g^*(\lambda )$> for the fiber with all laser-active ions in the upper laser level. (The star may be interpreted as indicating the fully excited fiber.)
The Giles parameters are directly related to the transition cross-sections of the laser transition and the overlap coefficients <$\Gamma (\lambda )$> of the fiber modes with the doped core:
$$\alpha (\lambda ) = {\sigma _{{\rm{abs}}}}(\lambda )\;\Gamma (\lambda )\;{n_{{\rm{dop}}}}$$ $${g^*}(\lambda ) = {\sigma _{{\rm{em}}}}(\lambda )\;\Gamma (\lambda )\;{n_{{\rm{dop}}}}$$These equations are based on the assumption that the doping concentration is constant within the fiber core and zero outside it. However, the overlap factor can be generalized for smooth doping profiles.
Of course, the equations are based on the assumption that only the laser transition contributes to gain or loss in the considered wavelength range. Parasitic background losses due to absorption and scattering in the fiber may be treated separately. Possible additional effects from excited-state absorption should be kept in mind.
In practice, it is often difficult to precisely determine the dopant concentration <$n_\textrm{dop}$>, the overlap coefficients <$\Gamma (\lambda )$> and the transition cross-sections of a fiber. However, the Giles parameters can be obtained directly from measurements of absorption and gain. Simple amplifier models may then directly be based on the Giles parameters rather than on the not precisely known values of <$n_\textrm{dop}$>, <$\Gamma (\lambda )$>, <$\sigma_\textrm{abs}(\lambda )$> and <$\sigma_\textrm{em}(\lambda )$>.
A difficulty for the measurement of gain (<$g^*$>) is that one will usually not achieve full excitation of the laser-active ions. Even if one knew the actually achieved fraction of excited ions, one could generally not simply scale up the gain for full excitation, since for the frequently used quasi-three-level transitions the spectral shape of the net gain is influenced by reabsorption effects and thus varies with the degree of excitation.
Bibliography
| [1] | C. R. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 9 (2), 271 (1991), DOI:10.1109/50.65886 |
| [2] | H. Feng et al., “Characterization of Giles parameters for extended L-band erbium-doped fibers”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39 (7), 1783 (2022), DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.459508 |
See also: rare-earth-doped fibers, fiber amplifiers
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