Tunable Lasers

Some types of lasers offer particularly broad wavelength tuning ranges:

• A few solid-state bulk lasers, in particular titanium–sapphire lasers and Cr:ZnSe and Cr:ZnS lasers allow tuning over hundreds of nanometers in the near- and mid-infrared spectral region. (In general, transition-metal doped gain media offer larger tuning ranges than rare-earth-doped gain media, since the electrons involved in such media interact more strongly with the host lattice; see the article on vibronic lasers.) Output powers can be hundreds or even thousands of milliwatts.
• Dye lasers also allow for broadband tunability. Different dyes can cover very broad wavelength ranges, e.g. throughout the visible region. There are narrow-linewidth dye laser systems (continuous-wave or pulsed) for use in spectroscopy, and also mode-locked dye lasers generating femtosecond pulses.
• Some free electron lasers can cover enormously broad wavelength ranges, and often in extreme spectral regions.

Other types of lasers offer tuning ranges spanning a few nanometers to some tens of nanometers:

• Rare-earth-doped fiber lasers, e.g. based on ytterbium, can often be tuned over tens of nanometers, sometimes even more than 100 nm. Most Raman fiber lasers also have the potential for wideband tuning.
• Some rare-earth-doped laser crystals, often doped with ytterbium, also allow for substantial tuning ranges of bulk lasers. Examples are tungstates, vanadates, Yb:BOYS, and Yb:CALGO.
• Color center lasers rely on broadband gain from certain lattice defects in a crystal, which can be generated e.g. with gamma irradiation. They are not widely used, however.
• Most laser diodes can be tuned over a few nanometers (often by varying the junction temperature), but some special types such as external-cavity diode lasers and distributed Bragg reflector lasers can be tuned over 40 nm and more.
• Quantum cascade lasers are also broadly tunable mid-infrared laser sources.

Some fine tuning, often continuously without mode hops, is possible for other lasers:

• Some compact solid-state bulk lasers such as nonplanar ring oscillators (NPROs, MISERs) allow continuous tuning within their free spectral range of several gigahertz. Tuning may be accomplished by applying stress to the laser crystal via a piezo, or by varying the crystal temperature.
• Similar fine tuning is possible with some single-frequency laser diodes, e.g. by varying the drive current.

For wideband tuning in various spectral regions, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) can be used. These are actually not lasers, but OPO sources are nevertheless sometimes included with the term tunable laser sources.

Wavelength-tunable laser sources have many applications, some examples of which are:

• In spectroscopy, a wavelength-tunable laser with narrow optical bandwidth can be used for recording transmission or absorption spectra with very high frequency resolution. In a LIDAR system, a laser may be tuned to a wavelength which is specific to a certain substance to be monitored.
• Various methods of laser cooling require a laser wavelength to be adjusted very precisely at or near some atomic resonance.
• Tuning to atomic resonances is also used in laser isotope separation. The laser is then tuned to a particular isotope in order to ionize these atoms and subsequently deflect them with an electric field.
• A tunable laser can be used for device characterization, e.g. of photonic integrated circuits.
• In optical fiber communications with wavelength division multiplexing, a tunable laser can serve as a spare in the case that one of the fixed-wavelength lasers for the particular channels fails. Even though the cost for a tunable laser is higher, its use can be economical as a single spare laser can work on any transmission channel where it is needed. As the cost of tunable lasers is no longer much higher than for non-tunable ones, tunable lasers are now often even used throughout.
• In optical frequency metrology, it is often necessary to stabilize the wavelength of a laser to a certain reference standard (e.g. an absorption cell or an optical reference cavity). This can be accomplished e.g. with an electronic feedback system, which automatically adjusts the laser wavelength.
• Some interferometers and fiber-optic sensors profit from a wavelength-tunable laser source, e.g. if this makes it possible to remove an ambiguity or to avoid mechanical scanning of an optical path length.

[1]	J. J. Colles and C. R. Pidgeon, “Tunable lasers”, Rep. Prog. Phys. 38, 329 (1975)
[2]	C. V. Shank, “Physics of dye lasers”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 649 (1975)
[3]	J. R. Taylor, “Tunable solid state lasers”, J. Mod. Opt. 32 (12), 1450 (1985)
[4]	L. Reekie et al., “Tunable single-mode fiber lasers”, J. Lightwave Technol. 4 (7), 956 (1986)
[5]	K. Kobayashi and I. Mito, “Single frequency and tunable laser diodes”, J. Lightwave Technol. 6 (11), 1623 (1988)
[6]	P. F. Moulton, “Tunable solid-state lasers”, Proc. IEEE 80 (3), 348 (1992)
[7]	E. Gulevich et al., “Current state and prospects for tunable titanium–sapphire lasers”, Proc. SPIE 2095, 102 (1994)
[8]	C. Hönninger et al., “Efficient and tunable diode-pumped femtosecond Yb:glass lasers”, Opt. Lett. 23 (2), 126 (1998)
[9]	C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “Tunable VCSEL”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6 (6), 978 (2000)
[10]	C. Petridis et al., “Mode-hop-free tuning over 80 GHz of an extended cavity diode laser without antireflection coating”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 (10), 3812 (2001)
[11]	L. A. Coldren et al., “Tunable semiconductor lasers: a tutorial”, J. Lightwave Technol. 22 (1), 193 (2004)
[12]	M. C. Y. Huang et al., “A nanoelectromechanical tunable laser”, Nature Photon. 2, 180 (2008)
[13]	F. Mollenauer, J. C. White, and C. R. Pollack, Tunable Lasers, Springer, Berlin (1993)
[14]	F. J. Duarte, Tunable Lasers Handbook, Academic Press, New York (1995)
[15]	M. C. Amann and J. Buus, Tunable Laser Diodes, Artech House Publishers, Norwood, MA (1998)

(Suggest additional literature!)