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Twisted-mode Technique

Author: the photonics expert Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta (RP)

Definition: a technique for achieving single-frequency operation of a laser, based on quarter-wave plates on both sides of the gain medium

Categories: article belongs to category laser devices and laser physics laser devices and laser physics, article belongs to category methods methods

DOI: 10.61835/tdx Cite the article: BibTex plain text HTML Link to this page LinkedIn

For a continuous-wave laser with a linear resonator, there is a standing-wave interference pattern in the laser gain medium. This gives rise to the effect of spatial hole burning, which leads to stronger gain saturation for the lasing resonator mode than for other modes. As a consequence of this, single-frequency operation is usually not achieved, unless the gain bandwidth is smaller than the free spectral range of the laser resonator.

The twisted-mode technique [1] allows for single-frequency operation even for a large gain bandwidth. It involves the use of quarter-wave plates at both ends of the gain medium. Linearly polarized light coming from one end of the laser resonator becomes circularly polarized when going through a quarter-wave plate, the axis of which is oriented at 45° to the linear polarization axis. After going through the gain medium, in the other waveplate is transformed to a linear state again. On the way back, the light becomes circularly polarized once again in the gain medium. The rotation directions are such that an interference pattern does not occur, and the optical intensity is not spatially modulated. There is actually an interference pattern for each linear polarization component, but both patterns are out of phase, so that the total optical intensity is constant along the propagation direction. In effect, spatial hole burning is suppressed, and single-frequency operation can be achieved much more easily.

The twisted-mode technique has originally been applied to solid-state bulk lasers, but it also works in fiber lasers [3, 4]. However, it is generally not suitable for anisotropic laser crystals, having a polarization-dependent gain and pump absorption coefficient.

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Bibliography

[1]	V. Evtuhov and A. Siegman, “A 'twisted-mode' technique for obtaining axially uniform energy density in a laser cavity”, Appl. Opt. 4 (1), 142 (1965); https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.4.000142
[2]	C. S. Adams et al., “Single-frequency operation of a diode-pumped lanthanum-neodymiumhexaaluminate laser by using a twisted-mode cavity”, Opt. Lett. 18 (6), 420 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.18.000420 (example of a typical twisted-mode bulk laser)
[3]	D. I. Chang et al., “Single-frequency erbium fibre laser using the twisted-mode technique”, Electron. Lett. 32 (19), 1786 (1996) (first application of twisted-mode technique to a fiber laser); https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19961194
[4]	P. Polynkin et al., “Single-frequency laser oscillator with watts-level output power at 1.5 μm by use of a twisted-mode technique”, Opt. Lett. 30 (20), 2745 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.30.002745
[5]	Y. Kaneda et al., “Narrow-linewidth operation of folded 1178 nm VECSEL with twisted-mode cavity”, Opt. Express 27 (19), 27267 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.027267
[6]	D. Mitten et al., “High output power, single mode, and TEM₀₀ operation of a multiple gain chip VECSEL using a twisted-mode configuration”, Opt. Express 31 (8), 12680 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.486113
[7]	D. Mitten and Y. Kaneda, “Twisted-mode VECSEL with intracavity second harmonic generation”, Opt. Express 32 (19), 33321 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.529153

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