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Distributed Feedback Lasers

Acronym: DFB lasers

Definition: lasers where the whole laser resonator consists of a periodic structure, in which Bragg reflection occurs

More general term: lasers

Categories: optical resonators, optoelectronics, laser devices and laser physics

Cite the article using its DOI: https://doi.org/10.61835/gdn

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A distributed-feedback laser (DFB laser) is a laser where the whole resonator consists of a periodic structure in the laser gain medium, which acts as a distributed Bragg reflector in the wavelength range of laser action. Typically, the periodic structure is made with a phase shift in its middle. Essentially, one has a direct concatenation of two Bragg gratings with optical gain within the gratings. The device has multiple axial resonator modes, but there is typically one mode which is favored in terms of losses. (This property is related to the above-mentioned phase shift.) Therefore, single-frequency operation is often easily achieved, despite spatial hole burning due to the standing-wave pattern in the gain medium. Due to the large free spectral range, wavelength tuning without mode hops may be possible over a range of several nanometers. However, the tuning range may not be as large as for a distributed Bragg reflector laser.

Figure 1: DFB fiber laser, containing a fiber Bragg grating with a phase change in the middle, directly written into a rare-earth-doped fiber.

DFB lasers should not be confused with DBR lasers = distributed Bragg reflector lasers.

Types of DFB Lasers

Most distributed-feedback lasers are either fiber lasers or semiconductor lasers, operating on a single resonator mode (→ single-frequency operation).

Fiber Lasers

In the case of a fiber laser, the distributed reflection occurs in a fiber Bragg grating, typically with a length of a few millimeters or centimeters. Efficient pump absorption can be achieved only with a high doping concentration of the fiber, and unfortunately it is often not easy to write high contrast Bragg gratings into fibers with a composition (e.g. phosphate glass) which allows for a high doping concentration. Therefore, the output power is usually fairly limited (e.g. to a few tens of milliwatts), and the power conversion efficiency is small. However, this kind of single-frequency fiber laser is very simple and compact. Its compactness and robustness also leads to a low intensity and phase noise level, i.e., also a low linewidth, although the fundamental linewidth limit (the Schawlow–Townes linewidth) is higher than for longer fiber lasers.

Diode Lasers

Semiconductor DFB lasers can be built with an integrated grating structure, e.g. a corrugated waveguide. The grating structure may be produced on top of the active region, which however requires time-consuming regrowth techniques. An alternative is to make laterally coupled structures, where the gratings are on both sides of the active region. Semiconductor DFB lasers are available for emission in different spectral regions at least in the range from 0.8 μm to 2.8 μm.

Typical output powers are some tens of milliwatts. The linewidth is typically a few hundred MHz, and wavelength tuning is often possible over several nanometers. Temperature-stabilized devices, as used e.g. in DWDM systems, can exhibit a high wavelength stability.

More to Learn

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Bibliography

[1]	H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, “Stimulated emission in a periodic structure”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 152 (1971); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1653605
[2]	H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, “Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers”, J. Appl. Phys.43 (5), 2327 (1972); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1661499
[3]	A. Yariv, “Coupled-mode theory for guided-wave optics”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 9 (9), 919 (1973); https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1973.1077767
[4]	H. W. Yen et al., “Optically pumped GaAs waveguide lasers with a fundamental 0.11 μ corrugated feedback”, Opt. Commun. 9, 35 (1973); https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(73)90330-1
[5]	K. H. Ylä-Jarkko and A. B. Grudinin, “Performance limitations of high-power DFB fiber lasers”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15 (2), 191 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2002.806827
[6]	B. K. Das et al., “Distributed feedback-distributed Bragg reflector (DFB-DBR) coupled cavity laser with Ti:(Fe:)Er:LiNbO₃ waveguide”, Opt. Lett. 29 (2), 165 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.29.000165
[7]	K. Sato, “Chirp characteristics of 40-Gb/s directly modulated distributed-feedback laser diodes”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 23 (11), 3790 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2005.857753
[8]	A. Schülzgen et al., “Distributed feedback fiber laser pumped by multimode laser diodes”, Opt. Lett. 33 (6), 614 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.000614
[9]	M. Pollnau and J. D. B. Bradley, “Optically pumped rare-earth-doped Al₂O₃ distributed-feedback lasers on silicon”, Opt. Express 26 (18), 24164 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.024164

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